This section gives an overview of standardisation activities in nanomaterials manufacturing that covers standards published in 2017-2020. According to ISO/TS 80004-8, nanomanufacturing refers to ‘intentional synthesis, generation or control of nanomaterials, or fabrication steps in the nanoscale, for commercial purposes’. Three standardisation bodies – ISO (2 standards), CEN (2) and IEC (15) contributed to standardising nanomanufacturing during the analysed period.

ISO/TC 229 – Nanotechnologies published two standards focused on the standardisation of terminology related to graphene and two-dimensional materials (which also covered manufacturing processes) and nanomanufacturing processes:

• ISO (2017). ISO/TS 80004-13. Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 13: Graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials. Available at: https://www.iso.org/standard/64741.html?browse=tc 

• ISO (2020). ISO/TS 80004-8. Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 8: Nanomanufacturing processes. Available at: https://www.iso.org/standard/74666.html?browse=tc 

CEN/TC 352 – Nanotechnologies adopted two above-mentioned ISO standards:

• CEN (2020). CEN ISO/TS 80004-13. Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 13: Graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials (ISO/TS 80004-13:2017). Available at: https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:68265&cs=19582C20673FA1A2E63AF42308335EF27 

• CEN (2020). CEN ISO/TS 80004-8. Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 8: Nanomanufacturing processes (ISO/TS 80004-8:2020). Available at: https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:68773&cs=1DA0D18ADE9D09FDFA0331F93C215F69D 

IEC/TC 113 Nanotechnology for electrotechnical products and systems developed fifteen standards that focused on key control characteristics of nanomaterials. Standards were focused on specific nanomaterials (e.g., graphene) or their groups (e.g., luminescent nanomaterials) and fields of their application (e.g., electrical energy storage):

• IEC (2017). IEC TS 62607-3-2. Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 3-2: Luminescent nanoparticles - Determination of mass of quantum dot dispersion. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/30034

• IEC (2017). IEC TS 62607-4-5. Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 4-5: Cathode nanomaterials for nano-enabled electrical energy storage - Electrochemical characterization, 3-electrode cell method. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/27061 

• IEC (2018). IEC TS 62565-4-2. Nanomanufacturing — Material specifications — Part 4-2: Luminescent nanomaterials - Detail specification for general lighting and display applications. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/32996 

• IEC (2018). IEC TS 62607-4-7. Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 4-7: Nano-enabled electrical energy storage - Determination of magnetic impurities in anode nanomaterials, ICP-OES method. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/33479 

• IEC (2018). IEC TS 62607-4-6. Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 4-6: Nano-enabled electrical energy storage devices — Determination of carbon content for nano electrode materials, infrared absorption method. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/33796 

• IEC (2019). IEC TS 62565-4-1. Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 4-1: Luminescent nanomaterials — Blank detail specification. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/62512 

• IEC (2020). IEC TS 62607-2-4. Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 2-4: Carbon nanotube materials — Test methods for determination of resistance of individual carbon nanotubes. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/31622

• IEC (2020). IEC TS 62607-3-3. Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 3-3: Luminescent nanomaterials — Determination of fluorescence lifetime of semiconductor quantum dots using time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC). Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/60226 

• IEC (2020). IEC TS 62607-4-8. Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 4-8: Nano-enabled electrical energy storage — Determination of water content in electrode nanomaterials, Karl Fischer method. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/62187 

• IEC (2020). IEC TS 62607-5-3. Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 5-3: Thin-film organic/nano electronic devices – Measurements of charge carrier concentration. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/59845 

• IEC (2020). IEC TS 62607-6-1. Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 6-1: Graphene-based material — Volume resistivity: four probe method. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/32147 

• IEC (2020). IEC TS 62607-6-3. Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 6-3: Graphene-based material — Domain size: substrate oxidation. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/32657 

• IEC (2020). IEC TS 62607-6-13. Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 6-13: Graphene powder - Oxygen functional group content: Boehm titration method. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/29703 

• IEC (2020). IEC TS 62607-6-14. Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 6-14: Graphene-based material — Defect level: Raman spectroscopy. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/32976 

• IEC (2020). IEC TS 62607-8-1. Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 8-1: Nano-enabled metal-oxide interfacial devices — Test method for defect states by thermally stimulated current. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/29993