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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 700-932-4 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Phototransformation in water
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
Minimum DT50: 245 min
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Half-life in water:
- 245 min
Additional information
Fluorescent Whitening Agents, such as Leucophor 1111X, have the ability to absorb part of the terrestrial UV-sunlight (λ = 300 – 400 nm) and transform it into visible, blue fluorescence light.
For that reason they are potentially photodegradable substances. In an experiment on the elimination of analogous substance 04, a substance similar to Leucophor 1111X, in an eutrophic lake water irradiated by sunlight, rapid direct photolysis was reported (t1/2 < 6 hours). Several extensive studies were performed on the similar substances analogous 03, the analogous dihydroxyethyl derivative tetrasulphonated and analogous 04, the morpholino analogous of the substance under registration. The "morpholino" substitution has not a significant impact on the stilbene bound energy and little influence on the process of photoisomerisation, as can be deduced by the similar results in the photodegradation study.
The results indicate that photochemical processes induced by sunlight are sufficient to degrade the test substance. In natural waters these processes may be their main degradation pathway since biodegradation in natural waters is practically not existent.
The isomerization process appears to play a major role in the photochemical behaviour. A constant isomer mixture is maintained during photochemical degradation processes. Since the photoisomerization process is temperature - as well as wavelength- dependent, the isomer distribution changes in sunlit natural waters with season (temperature) and depth (wavelength).
Fluorescence lifetimes decrease and Z/E-isomer ratios increase with increasing temperature, which can be interpreted in terms of an activated rate process in the first excited singlet state of the E-isomer having activation energy of 20 - 26 kJ/mol.
The photodegradation rates of the substance in natural sunlight are fast enough for photodegradation to be significant in the photic zone of lakes and rivers. On clear summer days the half-lives range from about to 4 to 5 hours for the test substance near the surface of natural waters.
The importance of the photodegradation in water does however strongly depend on the light screening of the water constituents. The presence of suspended solids or sediments in natural waters does not seem to have a major impact on the photoreactivity. The extent of adsorption at environmental relevant pHs is rather small. Thus, the small amounts of particles in the photic zone of natural surface waters are not capable of adsorbing larger amounts of the substance. The particles may however reduce the availability of light since they adsorb light themselves.
In suspensions containing larger amounts of particles the presence of particles may lead to a shift in the photostationary state of the isomers. Photodegradation in heterogeneous systems may be an important process that are associated with sewage sludge that is applied to farmlands.
Photoisomerization quantum yields and isomer distributions at the photo stationary state affect the rates of photodegradation of the Fluorescent Brighteners. With an equation containing these values one can successfully calculate photodegradation rate coefficients under natural sunlight conditions. The photoisomerizaion is caused by an activated rate process in the first exited singlet state. Additional radiationless deactivation channels could be promoted by a limited torsion of the excited singlet E-isomer about the C-C double bond, which would be allowed since the bulky substituents at the double bond are highly flexible. The activation energy for photoisomerizaion is low and somewhat influenced by the viscous drag on the twisting group about the C-C double bond caused by the bulky substituents. The bulkiness of the substituents is very similar within the analosous substances involved. As a consequence of these mechanisms, Stilbene Fluorescent Whitening Agents are expected to behave very similar with respect to photoisomerization and direct photolysis in sunlit aqueous solutions.
As a consequence, the photodegradation process will lead to the formation of photodegradation products. Based on the studies performed on analogous substance 04 the chemical constitution of the degradation products can be hypothesized (see attachment).
All the substances used in a read across approach are Stilbene derivatives Fluorescent Whitening Agents salts. They display similar structural and physicochemical properties: all of them exhibit high degree of dissociation in water and very low octanol/water partition coefficients because to a higher affinity with water phase than the octanol one. They are all very soluble in water, due to the presence of sulphonated groups in the molecules; all of them are expected to undergo to the same environmental fate.
The read across approach can be considered as reliable and representative. Further details about the justification for read across approach are given in the report attached to the Section 13 of this dossier.
In conclusion photodegradation is expected to be an important elimination process for the substance under registration in the upper layer of surface waters.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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