L-użu tan-nanomaterjali fuq il-post tax-xogħol
In-nanomaterjali jiġu prodotti u jintużaw minn bosta industriji Ewropej, inkluż il-manifattura ta’ sustanzi kimiċi. Il-produzzjoni u l-użu ta’ dawn il-materjali huma rregolati kemm minn regolament fl-UE kollha kif ukoll minn leġiżlazzjoni nazzjonali. L-impjegaturi għandhom jiżguraw li l-ħaddiema jkollhom kemm għarfien kif ukoll tagħmir sabiex jużaw dawn il-materjali b’mod sigur.
Peress li n-nanoteknoloġija tintuża biex tipproduċi medda wiesgħa ta’ prodotti u soluzzjonijiet, bosta ħaddiema jistgħu jiġu esposti għalihom fil-post tax-xogħol. Ħafna drabi n-nanomaterjali jiġu prodotti f’sistemi magħluqin, iżda l-esponiment jista’ jseħħ waqt il-manutenzjoni jew l-immaniġġjar tal-prodotti lesti.
In-nanomaterjali jintużaw ukoll minn “industriji downstream” bħall-industrija tal-karozzi, il-kożmetiċi, l-elettronika, il-mediċini, it-teknoloġija medika u l-manifattura tat-tessuti. Meta n-nanomaterjali jintużaw bħala pigmenti, pereżempju, f’applikazzjoni ta’ sprej industrijali, l-esponiment ma jistax jiġi eskluż. Għalhekk, użu bħal dan jista’ jkollu rakkomandazzjoni għal ventilazzjoni jew l-użu ta’ tagħmir protettiv personali bħal ingwanti. Madankollu, dan jista’ ma jkunx biżżejjed biex jiżgura użu sigur u għalhekk, hemm ukoll rekwiżiti legali li jiddikjaraw li l-ħaddiema għandhom jingħataw l-edukazzjoni xierqa sabiex ikunu jistgħu jagħmlu xogħolhom b’mod sigur.
L-użu tan-nanomaterjali fil-post tax-xogħol ma jfissirx li hemm riskju, jew li r-riskju ma jistax jiġi kkontrollat.
Ir-riskju huwa riżultat ta’ esponiment ta’ periklu x. Il-karatteristiċi perikolużi ta’ nanomaterjal huma ddeterminati mill-kompożizzjoni kimika u l-karatteristiċi fiżiċi tiegħu, bħad-daqs, il-forma u l-istruttura tal-kristalli u l-effetti (eko)tossikoloġiċi tiegħu.
Attwalment, huwa suspettat li xi tipi ta’ nanomaterjali, bħal fibri riġidi twal li jibqgħu fil-pulmun, jista’ jkollhom il-potenzjal li jikkawżaw fibrożi u/jew infjammazzjoni. B’kuntrast, ġilda b’saħħitha tidher li hija relattivament reżistenti, anki għal partikoli ta’ daqs nano. Jekk in-nanomaterjali jistgħu jkunu persistenti fil-ġisem, dan iżid mal-potenzjal tagħhom li jikkawżaw il-ħsara.
Interactive garage
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The infographic was produced for the EUON with support from the European Union through the SMP-COSME programme.
This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither ECHA nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
More information
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- Guidance on the protection of the health and safety of workers from the potential risks related to nanomaterials at work
- RIVM Report 2007, Health impact of nanotechnologies in food production
- BAuA report 2015 (in German), “Arbeitsmedizinisch-toxikologische Beratung bei Tätigkeiten mit Kohlenstoffnanoröhren (CNT)”
- SCCS Opinion 2014, “Revision of the opinion for clarification of the meaning of the term "sprayable applications/products" for the nano forms of Carbon Black CI 77266, Titanium Oxide and Zinc Oxide”
- Guide on Safety data sheets and Exposure scenarios
- Workplace exposure to nanoparticles
- Info sheet: manufactured nanomaterials in the workplace
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- Directive 2000/39/EC - first list of indicative occupational exposure limit values
- Directive 2006/15/EC - second list of indicative occupational exposure limit values
- Directive 2009/161/EC - third list of indicative occupational exposure limit values
- Directive 2017/164 - fourth list of indicative occupational exposure limit values
- Directive 2019/1831 - fifth list of indicative occupational exposure limit values
- Directive 91/322/EEC - protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to chemical, physical and biological agents at work
- Directive 2004/37/EC - carcinogens or mutagens at work
- Worldwide chemical exposure limits (ILO)
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM)
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
- WHO Guidelines on Nanomaterials and Worker's Health